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Symptoms

Gut microbiota and metabolism

Chapters that readers rate at 4 out of 5 stars or more on average for this question. An average only exists from 3 ratings. You can choose several.

Digestive function

Stomach acid, bile and enzymes as groundwork for the gut. 1 chapter – expand
  • Level:Intermediate Stomach acid, bile and enzymes The groundwork in the stomach and small intestine determines what reaches the large intestine. Acid blockersMedicationBile acidsAlcoholBloatingTests and diagnostics Well supported How we rate the evidence Established Recommended in medical guidelines or supported by several consistent meta-analyses of randomised human studies. Well supported Several randomised studies in humans with largely consistent results. Promising Single randomised or controlled studies in humans, not yet independently confirmed — or many consistent observational studies. Plausible Two cases: first observational or pilot studies with small samples — or a settled basis that is not in dispute, such as movement, sleep or meal pauses. But not tested in humans for symptoms. Experimental Barely studied in humans. Mainly lab and animal studies or theoretical reasoning; whether it helps is open.