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Microbial diversity
Why many different species keep the gut stable. 4 chapters – expand
- Level:Expert Prebiotics beyond inulin: HMOs, arabinogalactan, polyphenols Lesser-known food for the gut flora: what studies show and which polyphenols are best researched. PrebioticsFibrePlant diversityShort-chain fatty acidsIBS Plausible How we rate the evidence Established Recommended in medical guidelines or supported by several consistent meta-analyses of randomised human studies. Well supported Several randomised studies in humans with largely consistent results. Promising Single randomised or controlled studies in humans, not yet independently confirmed — or many consistent observational studies. Plausible Two cases: first observational or pilot studies with small samples — or a settled basis that is not in dispute, such as movement, sleep or meal pauses. But not tested in humans for symptoms. Experimental Barely studied in humans. Mainly lab and animal studies or theoretical reasoning; whether it helps is open.
- Level:Expert Anaerobic gut bacteria: why the good ones do not fit in a capsule The most important gut bacteria cannot tolerate oxygen. What makes them thrive, and why you can barely swallow them. ProbioticsShort-chain fatty acidsFibreFaecal transplant Promising How we rate the evidence Established Recommended in medical guidelines or supported by several consistent meta-analyses of randomised human studies. Well supported Several randomised studies in humans with largely consistent results. Promising Single randomised or controlled studies in humans, not yet independently confirmed — or many consistent observational studies. Plausible Two cases: first observational or pilot studies with small samples — or a settled basis that is not in dispute, such as movement, sleep or meal pauses. But not tested in humans for symptoms. Experimental Barely studied in humans. Mainly lab and animal studies or theoretical reasoning; whether it helps is open.
- Level:Expert The second-meal effect: why dinner helps decide your blood sugar in the morning Lentils at breakfast lower blood sugar at lunch, whole barley kernels in the evening lower it at breakfast. How this works, and what role gut bacteria play. FibreShort-chain fatty acidsBlood sugarBody weight Promising How we rate the evidence Established Recommended in medical guidelines or supported by several consistent meta-analyses of randomised human studies. Well supported Several randomised studies in humans with largely consistent results. Promising Single randomised or controlled studies in humans, not yet independently confirmed — or many consistent observational studies. Plausible Two cases: first observational or pilot studies with small samples — or a settled basis that is not in dispute, such as movement, sleep or meal pauses. But not tested in humans for symptoms. Experimental Barely studied in humans. Mainly lab and animal studies or theoretical reasoning; whether it helps is open.
- Level:Expert GLP-1 from the gut: what bacteria do and what “natural Ozempic” cannot do Weight-loss injections mimic a hormone that your own gut wall also makes, stimulated among other things by bacteria. How this pathway works and why it does not have the same effect as the drug. Short-chain fatty acidsFibreBody weightBlood sugar Promising How we rate the evidence Established Recommended in medical guidelines or supported by several consistent meta-analyses of randomised human studies. Well supported Several randomised studies in humans with largely consistent results. Promising Single randomised or controlled studies in humans, not yet independently confirmed — or many consistent observational studies. Plausible Two cases: first observational or pilot studies with small samples — or a settled basis that is not in dispute, such as movement, sleep or meal pauses. But not tested in humans for symptoms. Experimental Barely studied in humans. Mainly lab and animal studies or theoretical reasoning; whether it helps is open.